Ethics And Supply Chain Case Study - 1647 Words

Ethics and supply chain By VARUN PRAKASH @03021576 Abstract Supply chain is a major part of a business. It is a huge network which involves suppliers, customers, retailers, distributors and transporters. Supply chain is all about getting right goods at right place at a right price and at a right time .Time plays a very important role in any business .Time is money .Suppliers and customers are the two major participant’s .Demand and supply plays a very important role for a company’s profitability. Every company looks for profitability .In order to gain a competitive advantage over another company costs must be lowered throughout the chain by driving out unnecessary expenses and they also should take†¦show more content†¦The customers and the suppliers are classified on different tiers. Here the importance level differs .They are ranked depending on their performance or the product they supply. As we all know supply chain is all about distributing a product or service ‘‘from the supplier’s supplier to t he customer’s customer.’’ This can be done efficiently if the firms focuses on working with their immediate suppliers and customers to satisfy the end customers. In order to get a proper idea about the end customers demand detailed market research and analysis has to be carried out .This can be made easy by sharing information among the channel partners .The issue of unethical and illegal activities in the business environment is one that no business can afford to take lightly .An unethical behavior can cost a company a lot .It will have a bad influence on the growth of the company .Intense competition ,corruption high taxes have made most of the companies susceptible to unethical behavior . The companies following unethical behavior may not last long. Ethics involve environmental safety, labor rights, working with honesty and integrity etc. Ethics to be followed The organization has to ensure the safety, health and well-being of their workers, no matter where their workers are employed. The employees must not use their positions for personal

Vitamin D Deficiency - 852 Words

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent in the world. Several lines of evidence support a relation between seasonal variations in serum vitamin D and higher relapse rates in MS patients in winter. Objective: To examine whether levels of vitamin D are associated with multiple sclerosis relapse. Methods: In this study 60 patients in relapse and 60 patients in remission matched controls were included. Results: patients in relapse had significantly lower 25(OH) D levels than 60 patients in remission matched controls (p= 0.004), Vitamin D insufficiency (10 ng/ml) was significantly higher in patients in relapse compared to those in remission (p= 0.03). Conclusion: The results of our study indicated that an association between lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and higher risk of relapse among people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Keywords: Multiple sclerosis, 25-hydroxy vitamin D Introduction Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory disorder of the CNS, that most common affecting among young adults, particularly more prevalence in high-latitude regions (1-4), and believed to affect over 2 million people in the worldwide (5). Although the aetiology of MS remains unclear, but the prevailing thought is that MS is triggered by both genetic and environmental factors and their interactions have been implicated in developing MS (6). Vitamin D is a steroid vitamin that acts like a hormone and we get vitamin D from two sources: exposure to sunlight and food,Show MoreRelatedThe Truth about Vitamin D Deficiency Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesVitamin D deficiency: In the event that you avoid the sun, experience the ill effects of milk anaphylaxes, or stick to a strict veggie lover diet, you may be at danger for vitamin D inadequacy. Known as the daylight vitamin, vitamin D is transformed by the body because of daylight. It is additionally happens characteristically in a couple of sustenance’s including some fish, fish liver oils, and egg yolks - and in sustained dairy and grain items. Vitamin D is key for solid bones on the groundsRead MoreVitamin D Deficiency: A Major Cause of Concern in Ireland 2707 Words   |  11 PagesYes, Vitamin D deficiency has indeed become a major cause of concern in Ireland as it has recently been highlighted that most Irish people are deficient in this essential vitamin. According to the Irish Osteoporosis society 74% of Irish adults and 88% of Irish primary school children, have less than half of the recommended daily amount of vitamin D. As well as bone health problems deficiency has recently shown cause cancers, diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This can be defined as a majorRead MoreDifferent Methods Of Preventing Vitamin D Deficiency And Seasonal Affective Disorder1742 Words   |  7 Pagesoccurs around the same time every year (Partonen, 1998). It is hypothesized that being deficient in vitamin D is a reason for having seasonal affective disorder. We have researched four different methods of preventing vitamin D defi ciency and seasonal affective disorder. The most used methods of achieving adequate vitamin D levels were found to be indoor tanning, natural light, light therapy and vitamin D supplementation. This research is important because it affects the well-being and quality of lifeRead MoreCardiovascular Disease With Vitamin D Deficiency2233 Words   |  9 PagesDisease with Vitamin D Deficiency Introduction Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin. the primarily source of vitamin d is exposure to sunlight, and we can find the vitamin D naturally . Vitamin D2 is generally produced in humans from 7- dehydrocholecalciferol upon exposure to ultraviolet light. in addition vitamin D2 and D3 can metabolized by human body (Zhang Naughton, 2008). However, highly prevalent of deficiency of vitamin D in the orarld spicially in United State. Vitamin D deficiency are presentRead MoreIntroduction. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (Copd)1383 Words   |  6 Pagespoor quality of life, an increase in health care utilization, or even mortality. COPD has been linked to vitamin D deficiency. However, the effects of Vitamin D deficiency, pertaining to COPD, on skeletal muscle has never really been observed and remain unclear. What is known is that low serum levels of Vitamin D in the body (below 20ng/ml), serum levels being levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D), is associated with a reduction in muscle strength and performance, which lead to muscle atrophy. InRead MoreVitamin D and Athletic Performance Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pageswithin the body and from that how they can influence the body’s ability to perform while under duress. An example of such would be the stress of athletic performance. Vitamin D, which is al so referred to as cholecalciferol, is one of the fat soluble vitamins that have been attributed to influencing athletic performance. However, vitamin D is not as much a â€Å"performance enhancing† nutrient in the sense that when taken in higher amounts it will aid athletic performance, but rather when in deficient amountsRead MoreThe Sunshine Vitamin or Vitamin D Essay946 Words   |  4 Pages+Vitamin D and hair growth are inextricably linked, according to research. Vitamin D, otherwise known as the sunshine vitamin, is composed of a group of fat-soluble compounds that mainly shapes the development and sustenance of bone health. It primarily regulates the gastric absorption of magnesium, calcium, zinc and other minerals that fortify bone density, strength and structure. +Recent studies have mapped out the connection between vitamin D deficiency and diseases of the skin, heart and prematureRead MoreRikets739 Words   |  3 PagesRickets is caused by a vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus deficiency. Rickets is the softening and weakening of the bones in children. Skeletal deformities and fractures can occur because the bones are so soft and weak. Rickets can also cause dental issues, bone deformities, muscle weaknesses and several other serious health issues (Wagner amp; Greer, 2008). Rickets is seen in children during periods of rapid physical development because during growth a great deal of vitamin D, phosphorus, and calciumRead MoreThe White Plague of Tuberculosis1854 Words   |  7 Pagespredisposing factor for all infectious diseases including the great white scourge, tuberculosis. Vitamin deficiency and malnutrition are the biggest challenges in the large geographical area of developing countries where the disease burden of tuberculosis is noticeably very high. Vitamins are the most essentially needed organic compounds to maintain body’s normal physiology and boost the protective immunology. Vitamins are responsible for a spectrum of vital functions in body due to their anti-oxidant, pro-oxidantRead MorePico : Depression : Pico1296 Words   |  6 Pagesin the spring (Kerr et al., 2013). Vitamin D has proven effective against SAD and could, potentially, be used as a therapy against depression in the elderly (Kerr et al., 2013). The population in thi s analysis is the elderly. The intervention is vitamin D supplements. There is no comparison group but the objective or outcome is a reduction in depression symptoms. Therefore, the Pico question is: Do the elderly have fewer symptoms of depression when given vitamin D supplements? Part II: Search

Relationship between HR and Technology-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the relationship between the HR and the technology. Answer: Introduction The world is like a global village now where the technologies are improving, the internet and computers are everywhere and it reduces the human efforts on every possible thing. Meanwhile, the scenario of the companies is changing with the rise in technology and the more improved version of the communication in the world wide. Technology has become the essential part of every organization. The functions of the various companies as well as the firms are changing with the use of the new technologies. The HR technology is now used by the small, medium and large firms to meet the demands of the stakeholders in time (Banerji, 2013). Information about the employees in the company, about the recent market strategies, about the previous data stored in the database are now easy to get with the help of various technologies the organization has adopted. The relationship between the HR and the technology is now the centre of attraction. The relationship helps in managing the firm's capital. The companies are now developing various web based technologies to deliver the service in time to the clients. It also helps the organization in the recruitment, training, data storage, retrieval, in the communication process between the user and the client, performance management and much more (Bulmash, 2006). Definitions The advancement in the technology is now helping the HR to improve the proficiency in the business. They attract the eyes of each individual, hire them, maintain the human resource, and also help in optimization of the human resource management. The methods are now used by the different stakeholders, managers of the organization, employees and even the HR professionals (Chelladurai Kerwin, 2017). The technology is now making it easier to gather the information in a minimum time, deliver it to the clients in a more efficient way and maintains a smooth flow of communication between the employees as well as the with the higher level authorities. It decreases the burden of the HR department that helps to focus more on the HR activities which helps in taking in the effective decisions for the organization (Harel Tzafrir, 1999). The traditional system of the HR was only to focus on the labor management. Now the situation is totally different as they are now focusing more on the company's planning and the strategic decisions. Apart from this, they are now more interested in the selection, training, and development of the employees, performance appraisal, incentives and rewards and also on the industrial progress (Jain, 2014). A number of tools were developed for the selection of the employees, for the training, to check the performance of the employees and much more. The tools are like the e-recruiting system, e-selection system, e-performance system etc The human resource information technology (HRIT) now makes it easy to gather various information stored in the database, provides all the necessary information about the policies and publications and much more (Khanka, 2007). Issue one Every company maintains a different database where a front end, a back end, and middle ware is maintained. All these three are tightly coupled with each other. When the number of data is increasing, the integration between these three is losing. For example, a small company maintains some few sheet of excel to store the records of the employees, but when the Microsoft comes to the limelight these few sheets are not enough to store the data. For maintaining the record of more than 3000 employees a greater volume of the storage is required (Ulrich et al., 1995). When the volume of the data is more, then the retrieval of the information from the stored data is difficult and takes time if the technology used in the backend is not updated. The platform on which the developers are running the codes varies from one company to the other. Some companies are running it on the JAVA platform whereas some run it on the other. The database in that case also varies from one system to the other (Marchington et al., 2016). There are some updated systems which are able to accommodate a huge number of data whereas some devices are unable of it. Various platforms provide different advantages to the codes if they have an updated device along with the all the software (Purce, 2014). For example, when one MNC company is storing the information of several employees they store the each and every detail of that particular employee like name, previous details, family details, and much more. When the number of employees increases, then the information about each person also increases. The company deals with thousands of employees and on regular basis, they check the progress of the employees. Sometimes when the managers are searching the details they fail to find it. It happens because of the device which is running with a slow processor as well as with the outdated technology. The data is maintained in the database in a different manner which is completely unique from the user point of view. The backend process is different from the front end. Various levels of schemes are maintained based on the clustering pattern (Sparrow, Brewster Chung, 2016). Whatever the data is necessary for the managers that will be shown to them, whatever is necessary for the employee they will see only those data and even the other members of the company have different access to the data. Sometimes this fails due to the excess data and less integration between the schemas. The issues related to various technologies in the organization are common. Each developer maintains a code for every data that is important for the company. When some faults occur in the system the entire data set is lost which brings a huge loss for the company (Thite, 2013). Such type of situations occurs when the system is overloaded with data and unable to process more. The developers include the third parties which again takes a huge amount of time to replace the losses. With the increase in the data, there is always a possibility of viruses into the device. The entire system gets corrupted with the rise in the viruses and malware. Gaps in the literature The various problems about the HR technology were mentioned in the articles but to overcome those issues were limited. They have mentioned about the problems occurring in the companies related to the management of various data but to deal with them is not given (Sparrow, Brewster Chung, 2016). For the effective transformation of data, various things are important to consider like debugging process, alert process and much more. Although there is a shift from the traditional approach of HR functions to the recent developments still companies lack some of the basic issues that deal with the huge number of data. Future research directions To avoid the technical issues some important things are necessary to consider. The most important thing is to debug the errors in time. When the data amount is increasing, the pressure on the system as well as on the RAM is increased. When the system is not updated then suddenly it may react in a different way. When the size of the program is large, then it becomes difficult to find out the errors in time. When the system was updated then the errors are easy to find (Marchington et al., 2016). The Proper alerting mechanism should be maintained in the system. Every company is dealing with a huge number of clients on a daily basis where the HR is supposed to maintain the records of each client (Khanka, 2007). When one user is dealing with some other client outside of the organization and if any problems occur due to any reason related to the service then with the help of the acknowledgment the problems will be solved. It will give the emergency message or email immediately to the user to modify the fault. The records of the clients are not less in the system so it becomes difficult for the developer to realize the mistake later. So immediately the alert message helps to modify the fault out of thousands of data within a short period of time. The technologies are running on several platforms that are agile in nature. In this stage, the latest patch level is required. A proper communication between the user and the client is required. The codes that are developed by the developers are not easy to manipulate in a short period of time (Marchington et al., 2016). With the advancement in the technology, the process becomes easy now. The platform on which the codes are running always needs an update on regular basis. If it fails then the burden on the system increases which will ultimately lead to the failure of the device. To maintain a proper integration of the data between different levels of the employees, each database should maintain a separate schema for maintaining the user role, privilege, access and authentication. When some problem arises in the backend, then the user should be able to communicate directly with the vendor of that particular device. It will reduce the time to process the complete sequence and to overcome the loss easily. The involvement of any third party in the process will increase the time of the recovery of data. The data are transformed from one system to several other systems within seconds. So there is a chance of losing the data during the process. In order to avoid such problems, proper security maintenance is required. The system should be updated which will help to fight against the malware and viruses. With the increase in the data, the chances of viruses in the systems are also more. When the systems are updated then it obstructs the path of the viruses to enter into the device. So nowadays the companies are adopting the web-based application which helps to connect with several other devices in a secure manner with proper id passwords, and login page that helps in the data encryption. References Banerji, S. C. (2013). A Study of Issues Challenges of Implementation of Information Technology in HRM. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies, 3(4), 435-440. Bulmash, J. (2006). human resources Management and technology. Chelladurai, P., Kerwin, S. (2017). Human resource management in sport and recreation. Human Kinetics. Harel, G. H., Tzafrir, S. S. (1999). The effect of human resource management practices on the perceptions of organizational and market performance of the firm. Human resource management, 38(3), 185-199. Jain, V. K. (2014). Impact of Technology on HR Practices?. International journal of informative and futuristic research, pg, 24-37. Khanka, S. S. (2007). Human resource management. S. Chand Publishing. Ulrich, D., Brockbank, W., Yeung, A. K., Lake, D. G. (1995). Human resource competencies: An empirical assessment. Human Resource Management, 34(4), 473-495. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R., Kynighou, A. (2016). Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management. New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals), 67. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016). Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Thite, M. (2013). Problems and prospects of technology as an enabler of strategic HRM

Testicular Cancer Essays - Mens Health, Scrotum, Testicle

Testicular Cancer 1. Introduction The testicles are male sex glands. They are located behind the penis in a pouch of skin called the scrotum. The testicles produce and store sperm, and they are also the body's main source of male hormones. These hormones control the development of the reproductive organs and other male characteristics, such as body and facial hair, low voice, and wide shoulders. Cancer is a group of more than 100 diseases. Although each kind differs from the other in many ways, every type of cancer is a disease of some body ?s cells. Testicular cancer is a disease in which cells become malignant (cancerous) in one or both testicles. Testicular cancer is one of the most common cancers in young men between the ages of 15 and 35, but the disease also occurs in other age groups, so all men should be aware of its symptoms. While testicles cancer is common among young men, young men typically do not get a lot of cancer, so overall testicular cancer is a relatively rare disease. In the year 2000, an estimated 7600 cases of testicular cancer are diagnosed in the United States, and a little less than 400 of them died. Caucasians are more likely to get it than Blacks or Asians. Disturbingly, the incidence of testicular cancer around the world has basically doubled in the past 30 to 40 years. Testicular cancer can be broadly classified into two types: seminoma and nonseminoma. Senomas make up of 30 percent of all testicular cancers. Nonsminoma are a group cancers that include choriocarcinoma, embryonic carcinoma, teratoma, and yolk sac tumors. A testicular cancer may have a combination of both types. 2. Causes So far, research has not shown a connection between testicular cancer and any particular habits, activities, or lifestyle, there is evidence that the risk of testicular cancer is higher in whose testicles did not descend normally- that is, move down from lower abdomen into the scrotum, for this reason, surgery is often performed to correct this problem before the testicle has been left undecided for very long. It has even said that the risk o testicular cancer may by higher in men infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, but evidence for this is weak. Although the exact causes are not known, there several predisposing factors may place some men higher risk, these include past medical history of undescended testicle, mumps orchitis, ingunal hernia during childhood, or previous testicular cancer on other side. Frequently, testicular tumors are noted after an episode of trauma however, trauma is not believed to be a causative or predisposing factor. Testicular cancer is not contagious, no one can catch it form another person. Exactly what cause this disease is unknown and seldom can it be explained why one person gets it while another doesn't. Research does show that some men are more likely than other to develop cancer. For example, the risk is higher than average for boys born with their testicles in the lower abdomen rather than in the scotrum. The cancer risk for boys with these conditions is increased regardless of whether the condition is corrected, and in fact, the risk exists even in the normal testicle. The theory is that the increased risk of testicular cancer is due to whatever caused the undescended testicles, not just by the fact that the testicles was undescended. Some men whose mother took a hormone called DES (diethylstilbestrol) during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage have testicular abnormalities. But scientists have never proven that prenatal exposure to DES (or any other female hormone) increases the risk of testicular cancer. Some patients with testicular cancer have a history of injury to the scrotum. But again, no one whether such an injury can cause cancer. Many doctors think such an injury simply calls attention to a tumor that was already growing. 3. Symptoms Testicular cancer can cause a number of symptoms. Listed below are warning signs that males should watch for: 1.A lump in either testicle 2.Any enlargement of a testicle; 3.A significant shrinking of a testicle; 4.A change in the consistency of a testicle (hardness); 5.A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum; 6.A dull ache in the lower abdomen or in the groin; 7.A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum; 8.Pain or discomfort

Online Selection of Printable Graph Paper

Online Selection of Printable Graph Paper Do you need to print some graph paper? This is a selection of different types of graph paper in pdf format that you can save and print as needed. Standard Printable Graph Paper - 5 x 5 graph paper grid, 10 lines per inch Printable Graph Paper with X-Y Axis - 5 x 5 grid graph paper, centered X-Y axis, 10 lines per inch Printable Graph Paper with 5 Lines per Inch - 5 x 5 grid graph paper, 5 lines per inch Printable Graph Paper #4 - 5 x 5 grid, centered X-Y axis, 5 lines per inch Printable Graph Paper #5 - 4 x 4 grid, 8 lines per inch Printable Graph Paper #6 - 4 x 4 grid, centered X-Y axis, 8 lines per inch Printable Graph Paper #7 - 8 lines per inch (no grid) plain graph paper Printable Graph Paper #8 - 8 lines per inch, centered X-Y axis Printable Graph Paper #9 - 10 lines per inch Printable Graph Paper #10 - 10 lines per inch, centered X-Y axis Printable Graph Paper #11 - 5 lines per inch Printable Graph Paper #12 - 5 lines per inch, centered X-Y axis

Biography of Edward R. Murrow, Broadcast News Pioneer

Biography of Edward R. Murrow, Broadcast News Pioneer Edward R. Murrow was an American journalist and broadcaster who became widely known as an authoritative voice reporting the news and providing intelligent insights. His radio broadcasts from London during World War II brought the war home to America, and his pioneering television career, especially during the McCarthy Era, established his reputation as a trusted source of news. Murrow has been widely credited with establishing high standards for broadcast journalism. Before ultimately leaving his position as a television journalist after repeated clashes with network executives, he criticized the broadcasting industry for not taking full advantage of televisions potential to inform the public. Fast Facts: Edward R. Murrow Full Name: Edward  Egbert Roscoe  MurrowKnown For: One of the most highly respected journalists of the 20th century, he set the standard for broadcasting the news, starting with his dramatic reports from wartime London through the beginning of the television eraBorn: April 25, 1908 near Greensboro, North CarolinaDied: April 27, 1965 in Pawling, New YorkParents: Roscoe Conklin Murrow and Ethel F. MurrowSpouse: Janet Huntington BrewsterChildren: Casey MurrowEducation: Washington State UniversityMemorable Quotation: We are not descended from fearful men... Early Life and Career Edward R. Murrow was born near Greensboro, North Carolina, on April 25, 1908. The family moved to the Pacific Northwest in 1913, and Murrow went on to attend Washington State University while working summers in lumber camps in Washington state. Edward R. Murrow, his wife, Janet, and son, Casey, as they returned from abroad on the S.S. United States. Bettmann / Getty Images In 1935, after working in the education field, he joined the Columbia Broadcasting System, one of the nations leading radio networks. At the time, radio networks would fill out their schedules by airing talks by academic and experts in various fields, and cultural events such as classical music concerts. Murrows job was to seek out suitable people to appear on the radio. The work was interesting, and became even more so when, in 1937, CBS dispatched Murrow to London to find talent in England and across Europe. Wartime Reporting From London In 1938, when Hitler began moving toward war by annexing Austria to Germany, Murrow found himself becoming a reporter. He traveled to Austria in time to see Nazi soldiers enter Vienna. His eyewitness account appeared on the air in America, and he became known as an authority on the unfolding events in Europe. Murrows war coverage became legendary in 1940, when he reported on the radio as he watched aerial battles over London during the Battle of Britain. Americans in their living rooms and kitchens listened attentively to Murrows dramatic reports of London being bombed. When America entered the war, Murrow was perfectly situated to report on the military buildup in Britain. He reported from airfields as American bombers began to arrive, and he even flew along on bombing missions so he could describe the action to the radio audience in America. Up until that time, news presented on the radio had been something of a novelty. Announcers who typically performed other tasks, such as playing records, would also read news reports on the air. Some notable events, such as the airship Hindenburg crashing and burning while attempting to land, had been carried live on the air. But the announcers who described the events were typically not career journalists. CBS correspondent Edward R. Murrow at his typewriter in London during World War II.   Bettmann / Getty Images Murrow changed the nature of broadcast news. Besides reporting on major events, Murrow set up a CBS bureau in London and recruited young men who would become the networks star crew of war correspondents. Eric Sevareid, Charles Collingwood, Howard K. Smith, and Richard Hottelet were among the correspondents who became familiar names to millions of Americans following the war in Europe over the radio. When network executives complained to him that some of the correspondents did not have great voices for radio, Murrow said they were hired as reporters first, not announcers. Throughout the war in Europe the group who became known as The Murrow Boys reported extensively. Following the D-Day invasion CBS radio reporters traveled with American troops as they advanced across Europe, and listeners back home were able to hear firsthand reports of combat as well as interviews with participants in recently concluded battles. At the end of the war, one of Murrows most memorable broadcasts was when he became one of the first journalists to enter the Nazi concentration camp at Buchenwald. He described to his shocked radio audience the piles of bodies he witnessed and he detailed to the American public how the camp had been used as a factory of death. Murrow was criticized for the shocking nature of his report but he refused to apologize for it, stating that the public needed to know of the horrors of the Nazi death camps. Television Pioneer Following World War II, Murrow returned to New York City, where he continued to work for CBS. At first he served as a vice president for network news, but he hated being an administrator and wanted to get back on the air. He returned to broadcasting the news on radio, with a nightly program titled Edward R. Murrow With the News. circa 1953: American broadcast journalist Edward R. Murrow (C) sits in a trench with a microphone in his hand, interviewing an African-American US Marine during the Korean War for his CBS television show See It Now, Korea. The company was holding a ridge on the Korean Front.   Hulton Archive / Getty Images In 1949, Murrow, one of the biggest names on radio, made a successful move to the emerging new medium of television. His reporting style and gift for insightful commentary was quickly adapted for the camera and his work during the 1950s would set a standard for news broadcasting. A weekly program hosted by Murrow on radio, Hear It Now, moved to television as See It Now. The program essentially created the genre of in-depth television reporting, and Murrow became a familiar and trusted presence in American living rooms. Murrow and McCarthy On March 9, 1954, an episode of See It Now became historic as Murrow took on the powerful and bullying senator from Wisconsin, Joseph McCarthy. Showing clips of McCarthy as he made baseless accusations about supposed communists, Murrow exposed McCarthys tactics and essentially exposed the bombastic senator as a fraud conducting pointless witch hunts. Murrow concluded the broadcast with a commentary that resonated deeply. He condemned McCarthys behavior, and then continued: We must not confuse dissent with disloyalty. We must remember always that accusation is not proof and that conviction depends upon evidence and due process of law. We will not walk in fear, one of another. We will not be driven by fear into an age of unreason if we dig deep in our history and our doctrine, and remember that we are not descended from fearful men, not from men who feared to write, to speak, to associate and to defend causes that were for the moment unpopular. This is no time for men who oppose Senator McCarthy’s methods to keep silent, nor for those who approve. We can deny our heritage and our history but we cannot escape responsibility for the result. The broadcast was viewed by a vast audience and was widely praised. And it no doubt helped to turn public opinion against McCarthy and led to his eventual downfall. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, appearing on a television screen during his filmed reply to Columbia Broadcasting System newscaster Edward R. Murrow, tells a coast to coast audience (April 6th), that Murrow as far back as twenty years ago, was engaged in propaganda for Communist causes. The Wisconsin Republican was answering Murrows anti-McCarthy Program of March 9th. McCarthy called Murrowa symbolthe leader and the cleverest of the jackal pack which is always found at the throat of anyone who dares to expose Communists and traitors. Murrow labeled the Senators attack as a typical tactic of attempting to tie up to Communism, anyone who disagrees with him.   Bettmann  / Getty Images Disillusionment With Broadcasting Murrow continued working for CBS, and his See It Now program remained on the air until 1958. Though he was a major presence in the broadcasting business, he had become disillusioned with television in general. During the run of See It Now he had often clashed with his bosses at CBS, and he believed network executives across the industry were squandering the opportunity to inform and educate the public. In October 1958, he gave a speech to a group of network executives and broadcasters gathered in Chicago in which he laid out his criticisms of the medium. He argued that the public was reasonable and mature and could handle controversial material as long as it was presented fairly and responsibly. Before leaving CBS, Murrow participated in a documentary, Harvest of Shame, which detailed the plight of migrant farm workers. The program, which aired on the day after Thanksgiving in 1960, was controversial and focused attention on the issue of poverty in America. Kennedy Administration President Kennedy speaks to a group of newscasters, thanking them for making their facilities available during the recent Cuban missile crisis. Broadcaster and United States Information Agency director Edward Murrow stands to his side. Bettmann / Getty Images In 1961, Murrow left broadcasting and took a job in the new administration of John F. Kennedy, as director of the U.S. Information Agency. The job shaping Americas image abroad during the Cold War was considered important, and Murrow took it seriously. He was praised for restoring the morale and prestige of the agency, which had been tarnished during the McCarthy Era. But he often felt conflicted about his role as government propagandist as opposed to independent journalist. Death and Legacy A heavy smoker, often depicted on television with a cigarette in his hand, Murrow began to suffer severe health problems which caused him to resign from the government in 1963. Diagnosed with lung cancer, he had a lung removed and was in and out of hospitals until his death on April 27, 1965. Murrows death was front-page news, and tributes poured in from President Lyndon Johnson and other political figures. Many broadcast journalists have pointed to him as an inspiration. The industry group Murrow addressed in 1958 with his critique of the broadcasting industry later established the Edward R. Murrow Awards for excellence in broadcast journalism. Sources: Edward R. Murrow, Broadcaster and Ex-Chief of U.S.I.A., Dies. New York Times, 28 April, 1965. p. 1.Edward Roscoe Murrow. Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 11, Gale, 2004, pp. 265-266. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Goodbody, Joan T. Murrow, Edward Roscoe. The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: The 1960s, edited by William L. ONeill and Kenneth T. Jackson, vol. 2, Charles Scribners Sons, 2003, pp. 108-110. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Murrow, Edward R. Television in American Society Reference Library, edited by Laurie Collier Hillstrom and Allison McNeill, vol. 3: Primary Sources, UXL, 2007, pp. 49-63. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Josph Listr guru of surgry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Josph Listr guru of surgry - Essay Example JosÐ µph ListÐ µr wÐ °s born Ð °t Upton, ЕnglÐ °nd, in 1827, whÐ µrÐ µ hÐ µ hÐ °d rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µd his gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °l Ð µducÐ °tion Ð °t thÐ µ UnivÐ µrsity of London. Ð ftÐ µr studying in London Ð °nd Еdinburgh hÐ µ bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ Ð ° fÐ °mous lÐ µcturÐ µr in surgÐ µry Ð °t thÐ µ UnivÐ µrsity. JosÐ µph ListÐ µr focusÐ µd Ð ° lot on thÐ µ works of othÐ µr prominÐ µnt sciÐ µntists to find Ð ° proof thÐ °t infÐ µctions wÐ µrÐ µ not cÐ °usÐ µd by Ð ° chÐ µmicÐ °l rÐ µÃ °ction, or Ð °n oxidÐ °tion, thÐ °t took plÐ °cÐ µ Ð µvÐ µry timÐ µ thÐ µ oxygÐ µn wÐ °s rÐ µÃ °cting with thÐ µ Ð °ir. "HospitÐ °lism", Ð °s thÐ µ disÐ µÃ °sÐ µs sÐ µpticÐ µmiÐ °, Ð µrysipÐ µlÐ °s, Ð °nd pyÐ µmiÐ ° bÐ µgÐ °n to collÐ µctivÐ µly bÐ µ known wÐ °s thÐ µ root of thÐ µ ovÐ µrwhÐ µlming mortÐ °lity rÐ °tÐ µ in thÐ µ hospitÐ °l sÐ µtting (WÐ µbÐ µr, 2000). ThÐ µ quÐ µstion thÐ °t wÐ °s on ListÐ µr mind wÐ °s Ð °bout thÐ µ sÐ µpsis thÐ °t following compound frÐ °cturÐ µs, Ð ° frÐ °cturÐ µ in which thÐ µ skin is brokÐ µn Ð °nd thÐ µ bonÐ µ Ð µxposÐ µd thÐ °t rÐ µsultÐ µd into high mortÐ °lity rÐ °tÐ µ, Ð µspÐ µciÐ °lly whÐ µn thÐ µ individuÐ °l Ð °ftÐ µr thÐ µ surgÐ µry stÐ °yÐ µd in thÐ µ hospitÐ °l. SomÐ µhow ListÐ µr knÐ µw thÐ °t hÐ µ hÐ °d to kÐ µÃ µp thÐ µ wound frÐ µÃ µ of thÐ µ microbÐ µs thÐ °t wÐ µrÐ µ cÐ °using thÐ µ infÐ µctions, Ð °nd hÐ µ wÐ °s Ð °wÐ °rÐ µ of CÐ °rbolic Ð cid, which wÐ °s mÐ °inly usÐ µd to gÐ µt rid of odors Ð °ftÐ µr sÐ µwÐ °gÐ µ. Not long Ð °ftÐ µr, CÐ °rbolic Ð cid wÐ °s usÐ µd on Ð ° smÐ °ll boy with Ð ° compound frÐ °cturÐ µ of his lÐ µg, whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ wound did not suppurÐ °tÐ µ following surgÐ µry Ð °nd thÐ µ only pÐ °in wÐ °s thÐ °t thÐ µ Ð °cid wÐ °s burning thÐ µ boy’s skin. ... Only ftr nlyzing Pstur's rsrch, Listr cm to th conclusion tht th formtion of pus ws du to bctri; Listr nvr stoppd dvloping his ntisptic surgicl mthods. Ltr on this invntion ws rnkd s on of th grt discovris of th g, bcus du to immdit succss of th nw trtmnt, it ws doptd vrywhr. In 1865 Listr introducd his ntisptic systm in such wy, tht h did not nd much tim to convinc th rst of th world to ccpt it. Of cours, ltr on, mny scintists will sy tht on of th mjor fctors tht ld to such succssful invntion ws th dvlopmnt of th grm thory of diss nd bctriology in th priod 1857-1885 by Pstur, Koch, nd othr scintists, which, in this cs, lrdy ws rvolution tht ld to th rvolution in surgry. This intrict combintion of thory nd prctic somtims is xtrmly complictd, but onc succssful cn ld to rvolution in nturl scincs. Listr's first ppr on th ntisptic mthod, publishd in th Lnct in rly 1867, dlt with trils of th mthod in ptints with compound frcturs, nd includd prliminry rport on its prvntion of scondry infction whn drining tubrculr bscsss (Listr,1867). Th rsults turnd out to b vry striking: complictions occur mor frquntly in css of inflmmtion nd bscss nithr in th wound nor from gnrl spsis. On th 21 of Sptmbr 1867 scond ppr on th ntisptic mthod pprd in both th British Mdicl Journl nd th Lnct. Listr's work ws th first convincing ppliction of th grm thory to th control of humn diss, nd s such it spurrd grt progrss in surgry nd othr filds. Thr is no instnc in th history of surgry, nd indd fw in th history of scinc, in which dduction hs bn so compltly vrifid whn put to th tst (Listr, 1909). Ltr on h dscribs th mthod tht h usd. I hv so ltly givn lswhr dtild ccount of th mthod by which this is ffctd (Lnct, 1867), tht I shll not ntr into it t prsnt furthr thn to sy tht th mns mployd r